【EHS英文】脱脂牛奶比全脂牛奶更健康？

今天分享的是EHS英文，主题是：脱脂牛奶比全脂牛奶更健康？未必！觉得有用，请分享出去！关注PLY外语学习，发现更多精彩英文分享。脱脂牛奶比全脂牛奶更健康？

[原文来自：www.11jj.com]

[原创文章：www.11jj.com]

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Heart Association recommend that children drink skim or low-fat milk after age 2. But that may not help them to avoid obesity.

美国儿科学会以及美国心脏协会建议儿童2岁以后喝脱脂或者低脂牛奶，但是这可能并不能帮助这些儿童预防肥胖。

The U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends that everyone older than age 9 consume three cups of dairy, which includes milk, cheese and yogurt, a day. Because whole milk contains a considerable number of calories from fat, however, nutritionists have advised people to pick up skim, 1%-fat or 2%-fat versions instead, with the idea that they provide the same calcium and vitamin D for the bones, but without the weight gain that can increase risk of heart disease and diabetes.

美国农业部门建议大于9岁的人每天消耗3杯乳制品，包括牛奶、奶酪和酸奶。由于全脂牛奶内的脂肪含有大量的卡路里，然而，营养学家却建议人们选择脱脂的牛奶，依照他们的想法是含有1%或者2%脂肪的牛奶就能为骨骼提供同样份量的钙和维生素，但由于体重不能增加，可增加心脏病和糖尿病的风险。

“It is one of the most long-standing and consistent nutritional recommendations in the United States, going back 50 years essentially,” says Dr. David Ludwig, director of the New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center at Boston Children’s Hospital.

波士顿儿童医院纽巴伦基金会肥胖防治中心主任大卫-路德维格称，“本质上，要追溯到50年前，这是在美国最长久和一贯的建议之一”。

But is it based on solid scientific evidence? In an editorial in the journal JAMA Pediatrics, Ludwig and nutrition expert Dr. Walter Willett, chair of the department of nutrition and epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health, argue that there is actually little data to support the idea that skim and low-fat milk lead to better health outcomes than whole milk.

但这是否是建立在可靠的科学证据上？在美国医学协会儿科学杂志的一份社论中，路德维格和哈佛大学公共健康学院的营养与流行病学部门的主席、营养学家沃尔特-威利特坚决主张，“实际上，很少有数字能够支持脱脂或者低脂的牛奶比全脂牛奶对健康更有益。”

Here are a few of their reasons.

以下是他们给出的理由。

01

Low-fat foods do not lower calorie consumption

低脂食品并不能降低卡路里消耗

Low-fat versions are supposed to reduce the amount of calories that people eat, and in an absolute sense, they do. A cup of low-fat milk contains fewer calories than a cup of whole milk. But Ludwig and Willett note that there isn’t much evidence to support the idea that drinking lower-calorie beverages in general leads to lower-calorie intake. Reduced-fat foods and drinks may not be as filling, so consumers may end up compensating for the lack of calories and eating or drinking more. In a study published in the Archives of Disease in Childhood in March, scientists found that kids who drank lower-fat milks were actually more likely to be overweight later on.

人们所食用的低脂食品被认为可以减少卡路里，而确实也是如此，一杯低脂牛奶要比全脂牛奶含有更少的卡路里。但路德维格和威利特指出，没有充足的证据支持“饮用低卡路里的饮料通常可以降低人们对卡路里的摄取”这一观点，含有少量脂肪的食品与饮料可能不会让人们觉得饱足，故而，消费者最终可能会为缺乏卡路里而饮用或者食用更多的食物（对卡路里）进行补充。

 “Our original hypothesis was that children who drank high-fat milk, either whole milk or 2% would be heavier because they were consuming more saturated-fat calories. We were really surprised when we looked at the data and it was very clear that within every ethnicity and every socioeconomic strata, that it was actually the opposite, that children who drank skim milk and 1% were heavier than those who drank 2% and whole,” study author Dr. Mark Daniel DeBoer, an associate professor of pediatric endocrinology at the University of Virginia School of Medicine and the chair-elect for the AAP Committee on Nutrition, told TIME in March.

该研究的作者，弗吉利亚大学医学院的研究儿科内分泌的副教授，，同时也是被选为美国儿科学会主席的马克-丹尼尔-德波尔在三月时对时代周刊说，“我们最初的设想是那些喝了高脂肪牛奶，或者全脂牛奶或含有2%脂肪牛奶的儿童可能会更重一些，因为他们消耗了更多的饱和脂肪卡路里。当我们看到数据的时候感觉很惊讶，因为在每一个族群和社会经济阶层中的数据都很清晰，结果恰恰相反，那些喝了脱脂牛奶或者含有1%脂肪牛奶的儿童比那些喝了含有2%脂肪牛奶或者全脂牛奶的儿童要更重一些”。

Ludwig’s other research on food addictions support the theory that increased levels of certain foods with a high-glycemic index, such as bagels, white rice and instant oatmeal, can increase hunger and contribute to weight gain, but drinking whole milk was not associated with packing on the pounds.

路德维格在食品添加剂方面的其他研究支持了这一理论，用较高含糖量来强化某些特定食物，比如，硬面包圈，白米饭和燕麦片可以增加人的饥饿感并指使体重增加，但饮用全脂牛奶与超重并无联系。

02

Low-fat milk increases levels of triglyceride fats

低脂牛奶增加甘油三酸脂的含量

Whole milk’s high saturated-fat content has been linked to higher cholesterol. But low-fat milk may lead drinkers to consume more high-glycemic-index foods, which can increase the level of triglycerides that can amplify the effect of heart-disease risk factors such as high cholesterol and hypertension.

全脂牛奶的高饱和脂肪与较高的胆固醇有关联，但低脂牛奶可能导致饮用者食用更多的含有较多含糖量的食品，可能增加甘油三酸脂的含量，并增加患心脏疾病的风险，诸如高胆固醇和高血压的。

03

The rise of sugar-sweetened flavored milk

含糖风味牛奶的兴起

Some schools and health experts condone flavored milk as a way to get kids to drink it — and the kids do. But while these versions may have 3 g less saturated fat, they also contain about 13 g more sugar than whole milk per cup.

一些大学和健康专家纵容了风味牛奶，风味牛奶是一种让小孩子喝的手段，小孩们确实也喝。这些风味牛奶可能含有少于3克的饱和脂肪，当然其也比全脂牛奶多13克/杯的糖。

 “We are not arguing milk should be abandoned,” says Ludwig. “For kids who are consuming diets that are high in calories and low in nutrients, milk can provide lots of needed nutrients — like calcium.” What he and Willett are addressing is the assumption, driven by seemingly sound logic, that low-fat versions of milk are healthier than whole milk. “Somehow this low-fat milk has become so intrenchedin the nutritional psyche, it persists despite the absence of evidence,” he says. “To the contrary, the evidence that now exists suggests an adverse effect of reduced-fat milk.”

路德维格称，“我们并不是主张不喝牛奶，孩子们沉迷于高卡路里和低营养的日常饮食。牛奶可以提供许多所需要的营养，比如钙”。路德维格和威利特正忙于这一由表面看起来被合理的逻辑所驱动的假设，低脂牛奶比全脂牛奶更加健康。他说，“尽管这种低脂牛奶已经在营养领域站稳脚跟，尽管缺乏证据，但它还是继续存在着，相反，目前所存在的证据显示了低脂牛奶的不良影响”。

There are also some hints that the benefits of milk for bone may also be, well, exaggerated. In July 2012, a study published in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine followed a group of 6,712girls over seven years to assess who was likely to develop a stress fracture. They found that neither calcium nor dairy intake was associated with a lower risk of stress fractures. Similarly, a 2003 Harvard Nurses ‘Health Study that followed over 72,000 postmenopausal women for18 years found that milk did not seem to lower risk of hip fractures.

也有些线索显出牛奶对骨骼的益处同样被夸大了，2012年7月在《科学与青少年医学档案》上发行的一项研究，这一研究追踪6712个女孩超过7年，以评估谁更容易发育成应力骨折，研究人员发现无论是钙还是乳制品的摄入都与较低的患应力骨折的风险无关。同样，2003年的一项哈佛忽视健康研究追踪了超过7万2千个绝经妇女达18年，研究发现牛奶并不能降低臀胯部骨折的风险。

Ludwig and Willett aren’t out to tank the dairy industry, but are simply hoping to draw attention to the need to reconsider milk recommendations— this time based on the scientific evidence. They say the data supports recommendation for drinking up to three cups a day, but doesn’t support the advice that it has to be low-fat or skim milk.

路德维格和威利并不是要出来打败特乳品工业，而仅仅是希望能吸引人们需要重新考虑关于牛奶的建议的注意力，而此次完全是基于科学的依据。路德维格和威利特两人称，数据支撑着这么一个建议-每天喝3杯牛奶，但不支持牛奶究竟是要低脂还是脱脂的。